Summer 2017 Solution Q 1
a)
Ans:
Highway alignment refers to where the highways Centre line is located or how the actual location of the highway line. The most important aspect of road building is choosing on is increased by a slight deviation from the highway alignment.
The six basic obligatory points influence the alignment of a new road.
short :- To make the construction of the road try reasonable, the alignment should be short. The alignment should be as straight as feasible to satisfy this requirement.
Easy :- The route needs to make building and maintaining the road as simple as possible.
Safe :- The alignment’s expenses of development, Maintenance and traffic management should be reasonable.
Useful :- The alignment should be set up to serve the largest possible society and range of goods.
Natural Elements : – A natural aspect should be, present in the alignment.
b)
Ans:
Penetration test on bitumen – It is used to measures the consistency or hardness of bitumen which is a viscous material used as a binders in aliphatic pavement construction. The test involves penetration of a standard needle into a sample of bitumen under specified conditions of load time and temperature. The apparats used for this test consists of a needle, a stand and weight and a graduated scale. The nude is allowed to penetrate the bitumen samples for a specific period of time usually s seconds in tenths is a millimeter. The test of temperature is 250 C to 37.80 C and the expressed as penetration value.
ii) Impact test on aggregate – It is tested to determine the toughness and resistance to fragmentation of aggregate which is used as the main component to concrete and which is used as the main component in concrete and pavement. It involves the sample of crease aggregate, usually between 20 to 40 mm size to a standard impact load in a cylindrical steel cup. The up is dropped from a standard height 0.5 1m depending on the size of the aggregate. The % of tine material generated due to impact is measured and recorded. The result is expressed as the percentage of fine material which indicate toughness.
b)
Ans:
The Engineering surface are
i) Map study -It is the first step in the engineering surface. It involves studying exerting maps of the project are to gain an understanding by the location and characteristic of the terrain, existing factors and infrastructures. The study provide an overview of the area helps identify any potential challenges that may need to be addressed during subsequent surface.
ii) reconnaissance surface – it involve usual inspections of the project sites and access environmental factors such as the slope drainage and vegetation carve. It potential project more detailed plan for the preliminary survey.
iii) Preliminary survey – It involves more detailed inspection of the project site to obtain accurate information about the topography soil characteristics and other environmental factor that may impact the project and to determine the best possible location and design for the project.
iv) final location and detailed survey – It is conducted after the project design is finalized and construction plan is aproned. The surface term collect detailed data on the location dimensions and characteristics of the proposed structed and facilities. It provide final in for motion needle to compute the constriction process including data on property boundaries eluviation and any other relevant details.