Question 30: The errors in the measurement which arise due to unpredictable fluctuations in temperature and voltage supply are :
(1) Least count errors
(2) Random errors
(3) Instrumental errors
(4) Personal errors
Answer: Option (2)
Explanation:
Random errors are errors that occur due to unpredictable and uncontrollable variations in experimental conditions.
Fluctuations in temperature, voltage supply, and other environmental factors change randomly during measurements.
These variations cause the measured values to scatter around the true value without any definite pattern.
Least count errors arise due to the limitation of the measuring instrument.
Instrumental errors occur due to defects or improper calibration of instruments.
Personal errors arise due to the observer’s carelessness or reaction time.
Hence, errors caused by unpredictable fluctuations in temperature and voltage supply are random errors.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option (2).