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Electromagnetics

  1. Vector Analysis:
    • Vector fields, gradient, divergence, curl.
    • Gauss’s and Stoke’s theorems.
    • Coordinate systems (Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical).
  2. Electrostatics:
    • Coulomb’s law, electric field intensity, potential, and flux.
    • Gauss’s law and its applications.
    • Energy and forces in electric fields.
    • Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations.
  3. Magnetostatics:
    • Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field intensity, and flux density.
    • Ampere’s circuital law and its applications.
    • Magnetic boundary conditions, magnetic materials, and their properties.
    • Forces and energy in magnetic fields.
  4. Electromagnetic Fields:
    • Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, and Maxwell’s equations (differential and integral forms).
    • Time-varying fields, displacement current, and Maxwell’s equations in point and integral forms.
    • Boundary conditions at interfaces, Poynting vector, and flow of power in electromagnetic fields.
  5. Wave Propagation:
    • Wave equations for conducting and dielectric media.
    • Plane waves, propagation in free space, and uniform plane wave equations.
    • Reflection and refraction of plane waves at boundaries.
    • Transmission lines, waveguides, and resonators.
  6. Transmission Lines and Waveguides:
    • Transmission line equations, impedance matching, and Smith chart.
    • Propagation and attenuation constants, phase and group velocities.
    • Waveguides, modes, cut-off frequencies, and dispersion.
    • Resonators, cavity resonators, and their applications.
  7. Antennas:
    • Antenna parameters, radiation patterns, and antenna types (dipole, monopole, horn, parabolic, etc.).
    • Antenna arrays, impedance matching techniques, and antenna measurements.

Networks

  1. Network Basics:
    • Concepts of R, L and C
    • Understanding Voltage, Potential Difference, Power and Work
    • Kirchoff’s Laws and basic Netwok simplifications
  2. Network Theorems:
    • Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, maximum power transfer theorem, superposition theorem, reciprocity theorem.
  3. Transient Analysis:
    • Transient response of networks to step, impulse, and exponential inputs.
    • Response of RL, RC, and RLC circuits to transient inputs.
  4. Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis:
    • Phasor representation of sinusoidal signals, impedance and admittance, complex power, power factor correction.
    • AC analysis of networks, frequency response, resonance in RLC circuits.
  5. Two-Port Networks:
    • Analysis and characterization of two-port networks using parameters like Z, Y, h, and ABCD parameters.
    • Network synthesis techniques, interconnection of two-port networks.

Signals and Systems

  1. Basic Concepts:
    • Continuous-time and discrete-time signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, energy and power signals.
    • Signal operations: shifting, scaling, folding, addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration.
  2. Linear Time-Invariant Systems:
    • System classification, system properties (linearity, time-invariance, causality, stability), impulse response and convolution.
    • System characterization using differential and difference equations, block diagrams, and signal flow graphs.
  3. Fourier Series Representation:
    • Representation of periodic signals using Fourier series, properties of Fourier series coefficients.
    • Exponential Fourier series representation, complex form of Fourier series.
  4. Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT):
    • Fourier transform of continuous-time signals, properties of CTFT, duality property.
    • Energy and power spectral density, Parseval’s theorem, convolution in frequency domain.
  5. Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT):
    • Fourier transform of discrete-time signals, properties of DTFT, duality property.
    • Energy and power spectral density of discrete-time signals, convolution in frequency domain.
  6. Sampling and Aliasing:
    • Sampling theorem, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing and anti-aliasing filters.
    • Discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals, analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion.
  7. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT):
    • Definition of DFT, properties of DFT, inverse DFT.
    • FFT algorithms (Radix-2, Radix-4), FFT computation techniques, applications of FFT.
  8. Z-Transform:
    • Definition of Z-transform, properties of Z-transform, inverse Z-transform.
    • Region of convergence (ROC), pole-zero plot, system analysis using Z-transform.
  9. Digital Filters:
    • Classification of digital filters (finite impulse response, infinite impulse response), difference equations.
    • Design of digital filters (FIR and IIR filters), windowing techniques, frequency sampling design methods.
  10. State-Space Analysis:
    • State variables, state-space representation of systems, state transition matrix.
    • Controllability and observability, realization of systems from state-space equations.
  11. Laplace Transform:
    • Laplace transform of continuous-time signals, properties of Laplace transform, inverse Laplace transform.
    • Laplace transform analysis of continuous-time systems, transfer functions, pole-zero analysis.
  12. Applications:
    • Signal processing techniques: filtering, modulation, demodulation, spectral analysis.
    • System response analysis, system stability, system modeling and simulation.

Electronic Devices and Circuits

  1. Semiconductor Physics:
    • Crystal structure, energy bands, carrier concentration, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
    • Charge carriers (electrons and holes), drift and diffusion currents, mobility, generation and recombination of carriers.
  2. Semiconductor Diodes:
    • PN junction diode: I-V characteristics, diode models, reverse recovery time.
    • Special purpose diodes: Zener diode, Schottky diode, varactor diode, light-emitting diode (LED), photodiode.
  3. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs):
    • BJT operation and configurations: common emitter, common base, common collector.
    • BJT characteristics, transistor biasing, stability factors, thermal runaway, small signal analysis.
  4. Field-Effect Transistors (FETs):
    • JFET and MOSFET: operation, characteristics, biasing, small signal analysis.
    • Enhancement and depletion mode MOSFETs, MOSFET amplifiers, CMOS logic gates.

Analog Circuits

  1. Amplifiers:
    • Single-stage amplifiers: common emitter, common base, common collector configurations.
    • Multistage amplifiers, differential amplifiers, operational amplifiers (op-amps): ideal characteristics, inverting and non-inverting configurations, op-amp applications.
  2. Feedback Amplifiers:
    • Feedback concept, types of feedback (positive and negative), effect of feedback on gain, bandwidth, and stability.
    • Feedback amplifier configurations: voltage-series, voltage-shunt, current-series, current-shunt feedback amplifiers.
  3. Frequency Response:
    • Frequency response of amplifiers: gain-bandwidth product, high-frequency response, low-frequency response.
    • Bode plots, phase margin, gain margin, stability criteria.
  4. Power Amplifiers:
    • Class A, Class B, Class AB, and Class C power amplifiers: operation, efficiency, distortion.
    • Push-pull amplifiers, complementary symmetry amplifiers, power amplifier design considerations.
  5. Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps):
    • Op-amp characteristics, ideal and practical op-amp circuits, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifier, difference amplifier.
    • Integrator, differentiator, active filters, comparators, voltage regulators.
  6. Feedback Amplifiers:
    • Positive and negative feedback, effect of feedback on gain, bandwidth, input and output impedance.
    • Stability criteria, Barkhausen criterion, Nyquist stability criterion, phase margin, gain margin.
  7. Oscillators:
    • LC oscillators: Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp oscillators.
    • RC oscillators: Wien bridge oscillator, phase-shift oscillator.
    • Crystal oscillators, frequency stability, startup conditions.
  8. Waveform Generators and Timers:
    • Waveform generation using op-amps, relaxation oscillators, astable multivibrators.
    • Monostable and bistable multivibrators, 555 timer IC and its applications.
  9. Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies:
    • Linear and switching voltage regulators, series and shunt regulators.
    • Voltage reference circuits, power supply filters, ripple and regulation.

Digital Circuits

  1. Number Systems and Codes:
    • Binary, octal, hexadecimal number systems, conversions between different number systems.
    • Binary arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
    • BCD (Binary Coded Decimal), excess-3, Gray codes.
  2. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates:
    • Basic laws of Boolean algebra: commutative, associative, distributive, De Morgan’s laws.
    • Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR gates, truth tables, logic expressions.
  3. Combinational Logic Circuits:
    • Design of combinational circuits: adders, subtractors, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, decoders.
    • Binary comparators, magnitude comparators, code converters.
  4. Sequential Logic Circuits:
    • Flip-flops: SR, JK, D, T flip-flops, flip-flop excitation tables, triggering methods.
    • Analysis and design of synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits.
    • Counters: ripple counters, synchronous counters, binary and BCD counters, counter applications.
  5. Registers and Memory:
    • Shift registers: serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), parallel-in serial-out (PISO), parallel-in parallel-out (PIPO), serial-in serial-out (SISO).
    • Register types: shift registers, storage registers, universal shift registers.
    • Memory systems: RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read-Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM).
  6. Digital Arithmetic:
    • Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division algorithms.
    • Arithmetic circuits: half adder, full adder, subtractor circuits, carry-lookahead adders.
    • Binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic, arithmetic logic units (ALUs).
  7. Digital Logic Families:
    • TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) families.
    • Logic gates and circuits using TTL, CMOS, and ECL technologies.
  8. Memory Devices:
    • Static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM) organization, read and write operations.
    • ROM types: PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory.

Control Systems

  1. Introduction to Control Systems:
    • Concepts of control systems, open-loop and closed-loop control, feedback control, advantages of feedback.
  2. Mathematical Modeling of Physical Systems:
    • Modeling of mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electromechanical systems.
    • Transfer function representation, state-space representation, block diagram representation.
  3. Time Response Analysis:
    • Standard test signals: step, impulse, ramp, and sinusoidal inputs.
    • Time response specifications: rise time, peak time, settling time, overshoot, steady-state error.
    • Analysis of first-order and second-order systems, time domain specifications.
  4. Stability Analysis:
    • Stability concepts: stability, asymptotic stability, instability, Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion.
    • Root locus method: construction of root locus, rules for sketching root locus, dominant poles, breakaway and break-in points.
  5. Frequency Response Analysis:
    • Bode plots, gain margin, phase margin, Nyquist stability criterion.
    • Frequency domain specifications, relationship between time and frequency domain responses.
  6. Compensator Design:
    • Lead, lag, and lead-lag compensators, design specifications, frequency response techniques.
    • PID controller: proportional, integral, and derivative control actions, tuning of PID controllers.
  7. State-Space Analysis:
    • State-space representation of systems, state transition matrix, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors.
    • Controllability and observability, state feedback, state observers, pole placement.

Communications

  1. Introduction to Communication Systems:
    • Basic concepts of communication: types of communication systems, communication channels, modulation, demodulation.
    • Analog and digital communication, advantages of digital communication.
  2. Analog Modulation Techniques:
    • Amplitude Modulation (AM): generation, frequency spectrum, power relations, demodulation techniques (envelope detection, synchronous detection).
    • Frequency Modulation (FM): generation, frequency deviation, frequency spectrum, demodulation techniques (slope detector, FM discriminator).
  3. Digital Modulation Techniques:
    • Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
    • Phase Shift Keying (PSK): Binary PSK (BPSK), Quadrature PSK (QPSK), Differential PSK (DPSK).
    • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Binary FSK (BFSK), M-ary FSK.
  4. Digital Communication Systems:
    • Baseband and passband signaling, line coding techniques (NRZ, RZ, Manchester encoding).
    • Spread Spectrum techniques: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
  5. Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion:
    • Sampling theorem, quantization, PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), Delta modulation.
    • DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter), ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) architectures and characteristics.
  6. Noise in Communication Systems:
    • Types of noise: thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise, white noise, impulse noise.
    • Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Noise figure, Noise temperature, Noise in AM and FM systems.
  7. Digital Communication Techniques:
    • Error detection and correction: parity check, Hamming codes, CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), convolutional codes.
    • Channel coding: Block codes, Reed-Solomon codes, Turbo codes, LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check) codes.
  8. Multiplexing Techniques:
    • Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Code Division Multiplexing (CDM).
    • Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
  9. Digital Modulation Schemes:
    • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Differential QAM.
    • Carrier Phase Modulation (CPM), Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK).

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