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Electromagnetic Fields

  1. Vector Analysis:
    • Vector fields, gradient, divergence, curl.
    • Gauss’s and Stoke’s theorems.
    • Coordinate systems (Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical).
  2. Electrostatics:
    • Coulomb’s law, electric field intensity, potential, and flux.
    • Gauss’s law and its applications.
    • Energy and forces in electric fields.
    • Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations.
  3. Magnetostatics:
    • Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field intensity, and flux density.
    • Ampere’s circuital law and its applications.
    • Magnetic boundary conditions, magnetic materials, and their properties.
    • Forces and energy in magnetic fields.
  4. Electromagnetic Fields:
    • Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, and Maxwell’s equations (differential and integral forms).
    • Time-varying fields, displacement current, and Maxwell’s equations in point and integral forms.
    • Boundary conditions at interfaces, Poynting vector, and flow of power in electromagnetic fields.
  5. Wave Propagation:
    • Wave equations for conducting and dielectric media.
    • Plane waves, propagation in free space, and uniform plane wave equations.
    • Reflection and refraction of plane waves at boundaries.
    • Transmission lines, waveguides, and resonators.

Networks

  1. Network Basics:
    • Concepts of R, L and C
    • Understanding Voltage, Potential Difference, Power and Work
    • Kirchoff’s Laws and basic Netwok simplifications
  2. Network Theorems:
    • Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, maximum power transfer theorem, superposition theorem, reciprocity theorem.
  3. Transient Analysis:
    • Transient response of networks to step, impulse, and exponential inputs.
    • Response of RL, RC, and RLC circuits to transient inputs.
  4. Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis:
    • Phasor representation of sinusoidal signals, impedance and admittance, complex power, power factor correction.
    • AC analysis of networks, frequency response, resonance in RLC circuits.
  5. Two-Port Networks:
    • Analysis and characterization of two-port networks using parameters like Z, Y, h, and ABCD parameters.
    • Network synthesis techniques, interconnection of two-port networks.

Signals and Systems

  1. Basic Concepts:
    • Continuous-time and discrete-time signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, energy and power signals.
    • Signal operations: shifting, scaling, folding, addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration.
  2. Linear Time-Invariant Systems:
    • System classification, system properties (linearity, time-invariance, causality, stability), impulse response and convolution.
    • System characterization using differential and difference equations, block diagrams, and signal flow graphs.
  3. Fourier Series Representation:
    • Representation of periodic signals using Fourier series, properties of Fourier series coefficients.
    • Exponential Fourier series representation, complex form of Fourier series.
  4. Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT):
    • Fourier transform of continuous-time signals, properties of CTFT, duality property.
    • Energy and power spectral density, Parseval’s theorem, convolution in frequency domain.
  5. Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT):
    • Fourier transform of discrete-time signals, properties of DTFT, duality property.
    • Energy and power spectral density of discrete-time signals, convolution in frequency domain.
  6. Sampling and Aliasing:
    • Sampling theorem, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing and anti-aliasing filters.
    • Discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals, analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion.
  7. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT):
    • Definition of DFT, properties of DFT, inverse DFT.
    • FFT algorithms (Radix-2, Radix-4), FFT computation techniques, applications of FFT.
  8. Z-Transform:
    • Definition of Z-transform, properties of Z-transform, inverse Z-transform.
    • Region of convergence (ROC), pole-zero plot, system analysis using Z-transform.
  9. Digital Filters:
    • Classification of digital filters (finite impulse response, infinite impulse response), difference equations.
    • Design of digital filters (FIR and IIR filters), windowing techniques, frequency sampling design methods.
  10. State-Space Analysis:
    • State variables, state-space representation of systems, state transition matrix.
    • Controllability and observability, realization of systems from state-space equations.
  11. Laplace Transform:
    • Laplace transform of continuous-time signals, properties of Laplace transform, inverse Laplace transform.
    • Laplace transform analysis of continuous-time systems, transfer functions, pole-zero analysis.
  12. Applications:
    • Signal processing techniques: filtering, modulation, demodulation, spectral analysis.
    • System response analysis, system stability, system modeling and simulation.

Analog Circuits

  1. Amplifiers:
    • Single-stage amplifiers: common emitter, common base, common collector configurations.
    • Multistage amplifiers, differential amplifiers, operational amplifiers (op-amps): ideal characteristics, inverting and non-inverting configurations, op-amp applications.
  2. Feedback Amplifiers:
    • Feedback concept, types of feedback (positive and negative), effect of feedback on gain, bandwidth, and stability.
    • Feedback amplifier configurations: voltage-series, voltage-shunt, current-series, current-shunt feedback amplifiers.
  3. Frequency Response:
    • Frequency response of amplifiers: gain-bandwidth product, high-frequency response, low-frequency response.
    • Bode plots, phase margin, gain margin, stability criteria.
  4. Power Amplifiers:
    • Class A, Class B, Class AB, and Class C power amplifiers: operation, efficiency, distortion.
    • Push-pull amplifiers, complementary symmetry amplifiers, power amplifier design considerations.
  5. Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps):
    • Op-amp characteristics, ideal and practical op-amp circuits, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifier, difference amplifier.
    • Integrator, differentiator, active filters, comparators, voltage regulators.
  6. Feedback Amplifiers:
    • Positive and negative feedback, effect of feedback on gain, bandwidth, input and output impedance.
    • Stability criteria, Barkhausen criterion, Nyquist stability criterion, phase margin, gain margin.
  7. Oscillators:
    • LC oscillators: Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp oscillators.
    • RC oscillators: Wien bridge oscillator, phase-shift oscillator.
    • Crystal oscillators, frequency stability, startup conditions.
  8. Waveform Generators and Timers:
    • Waveform generation using op-amps, relaxation oscillators, astable multivibrators.
    • Monostable and bistable multivibrators, 555 timer IC and its applications.
  9. Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies:
    • Linear and switching voltage regulators, series and shunt regulators.
    • Voltage reference circuits, power supply filters, ripple and regulation.

Digital Circuits

  1. Number Systems and Codes:
    • Binary, octal, hexadecimal number systems, conversions between different number systems.
    • Binary arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
    • BCD (Binary Coded Decimal), excess-3, Gray codes.
  2. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates:
    • Basic laws of Boolean algebra: commutative, associative, distributive, De Morgan’s laws.
    • Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR gates, truth tables, logic expressions.
  3. Combinational Logic Circuits:
    • Design of combinational circuits: adders, subtractors, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, decoders.
    • Binary comparators, magnitude comparators, code converters.
  4. Sequential Logic Circuits:
    • Flip-flops: SR, JK, D, T flip-flops, flip-flop excitation tables, triggering methods.
    • Analysis and design of synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits.
    • Counters: ripple counters, synchronous counters, binary and BCD counters, counter applications.
  5. Digital Arithmetic:
    • Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division algorithms.
    • Arithmetic circuits: half adder, full adder, subtractor circuits, carry-lookahead adders.
    • Binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic, arithmetic logic units (ALUs).

Control Systems

  1. Introduction to Control Systems:
    • Concepts of control systems, open-loop and closed-loop control, feedback control, advantages of feedback.
  2. Mathematical Modeling of Physical Systems:
    • Modeling of mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electromechanical systems.
    • Transfer function representation, state-space representation, block diagram representation.
  3. Time Response Analysis:
    • Standard test signals: step, impulse, ramp, and sinusoidal inputs.
    • Time response specifications: rise time, peak time, settling time, overshoot, steady-state error.
    • Analysis of first-order and second-order systems, time domain specifications.
  4. Stability Analysis:
    • Stability concepts: stability, asymptotic stability, instability, Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion.
    • Root locus method: construction of root locus, rules for sketching root locus, dominant poles, breakaway and break-in points.
  5. Frequency Response Analysis:
    • Bode plots, gain margin, phase margin, Nyquist stability criterion.
    • Frequency domain specifications, relationship between time and frequency domain responses.
  6. Compensator Design:
    • Lead, lag, and lead-lag compensators, design specifications, frequency response techniques.
    • PID controller: proportional, integral, and derivative control actions, tuning of PID controllers.
  7. State-Space Analysis:
    • State-space representation of systems, state transition matrix, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors.
    • Controllability and observability, state feedback, state observers, pole placement.

Power Electronics

  1. Introduction to Power Electronics:
    • Basics of power electronics, power semiconductor devices (diodes, thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs).
    • Power electronic circuits and their applications in power conversion.
  2. Power Semiconductor Devices:
    • Characteristics and operation of power diodes, power transistors, thyristors (SCR, GTO, TRIAC).
    • MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors), IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors), their applications in power electronics.
  3. AC to DC Converters:
    • Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, bridge rectifiers, three-phase rectifiers.
    • Converter circuits: uncontrolled rectifiers, controlled rectifiers (single-phase and three-phase), rectifier harmonics and filters.
  4. DC to DC Converters:
    • Buck converter, boost converter, buck-boost converter, Cuk converter, SEPIC converter.
    • Converter topologies, analysis, control techniques (voltage-mode control, current-mode control), efficiency considerations.
  5. DC to AC Converters (Inverters):
    • Voltage source inverters (VSI), current source inverters (CSI), PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques.
    • Single-phase and three-phase inverters, harmonics reduction techniques, modulation index, inverter control methods.
  6. Resonant Converters:
    • Series and parallel resonant converters, zero-voltage switching (ZVS), zero-current switching (ZCS).
    • Soft switching techniques, resonant inverter applications.
  7. Power Factor Improvement Techniques:
    • Power factor concepts, power factor correction (PFC), passive PFC techniques.
    • Active PFC techniques: boost PFC, buck-boost PFC, flyback PFC, LLC resonant converter.
  8. Electric Drives:
    • Basics of electric drives, types of electric drives (DC drives, AC drives).
    • Control techniques for electric drives, speed control, torque control, vector control.
  9. Applications of Power Electronics:
    • Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), AC voltage controllers, chopper circuits.
    • Renewable energy systems: solar inverters, wind energy converters, battery charging systems.
  10. Power Quality Issues:
    • Voltage sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, power factor distortion.
    • Power quality improvement techniques, active filters, passive filters, harmonic mitigation.
  11. Emerging Trends in Power Electronics:
    • Multilevel converters, modular converters, power electronic devices for high-frequency applications.
    • Wide bandgap semiconductor devices (SiC, GaN), applications in power electronics.

Power Systems

  1. Introduction to Power Systems:
    • Overview of power systems, components of a power system (generators, transformers, transmission lines, loads).
    • Classification of power systems, single-phase and three-phase systems, per-unit system.
  2. Generation of Electrical Power:
    • Types of power plants: thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, renewable energy sources.
    • Generator characteristics, performance parameters, load curves, merit order dispatch.
  3. Power Generation and Economic Dispatch:
    • Economic operation of power plants, economic dispatch, unit commitment.
    • Load frequency control, AGC (Automatic Generation Control), demand response.
  4. Transmission Line Parameters:
    • Resistance, inductance, capacitance of transmission lines.
    • Calculation of line parameters, ABCD parameters, transmission line modeling.
  5. Transmission Line Modeling and Performance:
    • Transmission line equations, voltage and current profiles, surge impedance loading.
    • Voltage regulation, line losses, efficiency of transmission lines.
  6. Transmission Line Capacitance and Charging Currents:
    • Capacitance effects on transmission lines, charging currents, Ferranti effect.
    • Compensation of line capacitance, shunt compensation, series compensation.
  7. Transmission Line Models:
    • Short, medium, and long transmission line models.
    • Line constants, per-unit calculations, transmission line stability.
  8. Power Flow Analysis:
    • Gauss-Seidel method, Newton-Raphson method, fast decoupled method.
    • Power flow equations, bus classification, voltage control.
  9. Fault Analysis and Protection:
    • Types of faults in power systems: short circuit, open circuit, ground fault.
    • Symmetrical components, sequence networks, fault analysis using symmetrical components.
  10. Protection Devices and Relaying:
    • Types of relays: overcurrent relays, distance relays, differential relays.
    • Protection schemes: differential protection, distance protection, overcurrent protection.
  11. Voltage Control and Reactive Power Compensation:
    • Voltage control methods: tap changing transformers, shunt capacitors, shunt reactors.
    • VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) compensation, power factor correction, FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems).
  12. Power System Stability:
    • Voltage stability, angle stability, transient stability.
    • Stability enhancement techniques, excitation systems, governor control.
  13. Power System Operation and Control:
    • Load frequency control, economic dispatch, voltage regulation.
    • SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, real-time operation.
  14. Deregulation and Restructuring of Power Systems:
    • Market models: pool model, bilateral model, hybrid model.
    • Power trading, energy markets, ancillary services.

Electrical Machines

  1. Introduction to Electrical Machines:
    • Basics of electrical machines, types of electrical machines (generators, motors), applications.
    • Magnetic circuits, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, transformer action.
  2. Transformers:
    • Construction and working principle of single-phase and three-phase transformers.
    • Transformer equivalent circuits, phasor diagrams, voltage regulation, efficiency.
  3. Transformer Testing and Efficiency:
    • Transformer testing: open circuit test, short circuit test, efficiency and voltage regulation tests.
    • Transformer losses, all-day efficiency, condition monitoring of transformers.
  4. DC Machines:
    • Construction and working principle of DC generators and DC motors.
    • Types of DC generators (series, shunt, compound), characteristics, load testing.
    • Types of DC motors (series, shunt, compound), speed control methods, starting methods.
  5. Synchronous Machines:
    • Construction and working principle of synchronous generators and synchronous motors.
    • Synchronous generator operation, voltage regulation, synchronous impedance, syncronous reactance.
    • Synchronous motor operation, starting methods, V-curve and inverted V-curve characteristics.
  6. Induction Machines:
    • Construction and working principle of induction motors (single-phase and three-phase).
    • Types of induction motors: squirrel cage and wound rotor, characteristics, starting methods.
    • Induction generator operation, applications.
  7. Special Machines:
    • Single-phase motors: split-phase, capacitor-start, capacitor-run, shaded-pole motors.
    • Stepper motors: types (variable reluctance, permanent magnet, hybrid), operation, control.
    • Servo motors: types, operation, applications in control systems.
  8. Machine Testing and Performance:
    • Testing of electrical machines: no-load test, blocked rotor test, load test.
    • Performance characteristics: speed-torque characteristics, efficiency, power factor.
  9. Machine Design Principles:
    • Design considerations for electrical machines, materials selection, thermal considerations.
    • Design parameters: flux density, current density, temperature rise, insulation.
  10. Power Electronics in Electrical Machines:
    • Power electronic devices in motor control: thyristors, inverters, choppers.
    • Variable frequency drives (VFDs), speed control of motors using power electronics.
  11. Energy Efficiency in Electrical Machines:
    • Energy-efficient motors, efficiency standards, energy conservation techniques.
    • Loss reduction techniques, optimization of machine design for energy efficiency.
  12. Motor Protection and Maintenance:
    • Motor protection devices: overload relays, thermal protection, short circuit protection.
    • Motor maintenance practices, condition monitoring techniques, predictive maintenance.

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